EU Data Act for connected products: what makers must do
EU Data Act for connected products: what makers outside the EU must build in after 12 September 2026, tell buyers and why they need a legal representative.
Insights
Background on the rules that decide whether your product reaches the EU market: the Authorized Representative, GPSR and CE marking.
GPSR compliance checklist for non-EU manufacturers
GPSR compliance checklist for manufacturers outside the EU: each duty before launch, at launch and after, with its legal basis and who can take it on.
Market surveillance authority request: how to respond
Market surveillance authority request: who must answer, what to send, in which language and by when, and what follows if nobody in the EU responds.
Does the GPSR apply to software and digital products?
Does the GPSR apply to digital products? When apps and software count as products, when a firmware update is a substantial modification, and who answers.
GDPR representative: do you need one in the EU?
GDPR representative under Article 27: when a company outside the EU selling online to EU customers needs one, which exemptions apply and what it does.
GPSR in Northern Ireland, not in Great Britain
Since December 2024 the GPSR applies in Northern Ireland, while Great Britain keeps its 2005 rules. Who you need in each market and why GB is not enough.
EU customs reform for ecommerce: the timeline to 2028
EU customs reform for ecommerce: €3 per item, product identifiers, a new handling fee and why customs will ask who your EU Responsible Person is.
EU and UK market entry checklist for makers outside Europe
EU and UK market entry checklist: CE or UKCA marking, local roles, labels, documents and listings for the EU, Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Does the GPSR apply to B2B products?
GPSR and B2B: when professional products count as consumer products under Article 3(1), what applies to pure B2B goods, and what to check first.
Cyber Resilience Act reporting obligations: what applies now
Cyber Resilience Act reporting obligations started on 11 September 2026: early warning within 24 hours via ENISA's platform, also for older products.
PPWR authorized representative vs GPSR Responsible Person
PPWR authorized representative, GPSR Responsible Person, cosmetics Responsible Person: what each EU role covers and which ones non-EU makers need.
GPSR sweep 2026: what marketplace listings still get wrong
Only 58% of listings in the 2026 EU product safety sweep showed the manufacturer, the EU Responsible Person and product ID. What Article 19 GPSR requires.
EU Battery Regulation 2027: removable batteries and QR codes
EU Battery Regulation 2027: from 18 February 2027, built-in portable batteries must be user-replaceable and every battery needs a QR code. What to do now.
F-gas Regulation 2027: heat pump and AC bans
F-gas Regulation and heat pumps: which monoblock and split units are banned from 1 January 2027, what follows to 2035, and what importers must do first.
GPSR language requirements by EU country
GPSR language requirements by EU country: who sets the language, what national law demands in seven member states and what your online listing needs.
GPSR safety warnings: what to write and where it goes
GPSR safety warnings come from your risk analysis, not a list: what Article 9(7) requires, where warnings go, which language applies, with examples.
E-bike CE marking and e-scooter rules in the EU
E-bike CE marking and e-scooter rules in the EU: which vehicles need type approval, which fall under machinery law, and what 2027 brings for batteries.
Safety Business Gateway: GPSR reporting and product recalls
Safety Business Gateway under the GPSR: when manufacturers, importers and the Responsible Person must report, what a recall notice needs, which remedies.
Who signs the EU Declaration of Conformity for non-EU makers
Who signs the EU Declaration of Conformity: the manufacturer or its EU Authorized Representative? Rules per act, template fields, languages, storage.
REACH only representative: a separate EU role
REACH only representative or EU Authorized Representative? Who registers substances for non-EU makers under Article 8 REACH, and what CE roles cover.
GPSR private label: why you are the manufacturer
Private label under the GPSR: your own brand makes you the manufacturer (Article 13). What that means for labels, files and your EU Responsible Person.
GPSR technical documentation: what, how long, where
GPSR technical documentation under Article 9: what the file contains, when the 10 years start, who keeps it in the EU and how it differs from a CE file.
EU motor efficiency regulation: IE3, IE4 and CE
EU motor efficiency regulation 2019/1781: which motors need IE2, IE3 or IE4 since when, what is exempt, what the rating plate shows, who must be in the EU.
GPSR risk assessment: what manufacturers must document
The GPSR risk assessment under Article 9(2): what it must cover, a template with the legal basis for each section, and what your EU partners check.
Partly completed machinery: what to supply
Partly completed machinery in the EU: when robots and drive units qualify, what the declaration of incorporation must contain and what changes in 2027.
GPSR for Shopify stores: when your shop targets the EU
Does the GPSR apply to your Shopify store outside the EU? When a shop targets EU consumers, why you need a Responsible Person, what Article 19 requires.
ATEX Directive requirements for non-EU makers
ATEX Directive requirements for non-EU makers: equipment category, notified body, Ex marking, what IECEx reports can do and who must be in the EU.
Machinery Regulation 2027: checklist for non-EU makers
Machinery Regulation 2027: what applies from 20 January 2027, which units still fall under the old Directive, and a seven-step checklist for non-EU makers.
GPSR Responsible Person: who qualifies and what it must do
Who can be your GPSR Responsible Person, who cannot, and what the role demands: a decision path along your supply chain, with the legal basis per step.
EV charger CE marking: EU rules for wallboxes
EV charger CE marking explained: LVD, EMC or RED, RoHS, WEEE, RED cybersecurity, the Cyber Resilience Act, AFIR and who must be based in the EU.
Product Liability Directive 2026: your EU representative
Product Liability Directive: your Authorized Representative becomes liable for products placed on the EU market after 9 December 2026. What to check now.
Is it a toy? EU rules for borderline products
Is it a toy under EU law? How the Toy Safety Directive and Commission guidance classify borderline products, and what follows: CE marking or the GPSR.
GPSR label requirements: which address goes where
GPSR label requirements by role: where manufacturer, importer and Responsible Person details go on product, packaging, parcel or listing, with legal basis.
Solar inverter and home battery EU compliance
Solar inverter and home battery EU compliance: which acts apply to which device, which duties are in force, which start later and who must be in the EU.
GPSR penalties: what the law says and why 4% is wrong
GPSR penalties are set by each member state, not by the GPSR. Where the 4% of turnover claim comes from, what Germany fines and what else is at stake.
Pressure Equipment Directive: CE marking guide
Pressure Equipment Directive CE marking for non-EU makers: scope, PED categories I to IV, modules and notified bodies, documents and your EU contact.
EU Authorized Representative or importer: which one you need
EU Authorized Representative vs importer: who places your goods on the market, whose name goes on the label and who is liable from December 2026.
GPSR guidelines: 10 clarifications for non-EU manufacturers
The Commission's GPSR guidelines C/2025/6233 settle ten questions on online shops, labels, technical files and the Responsible Person. What they mean.
CE marking for toys: six steps to the EU market
CE marking for toys under Directive 2009/48/EC: safety assessment, EN 71 standards, module A or notified body, warnings and the EU business you need.
Why non-EU manufacturers need an Authorized Representative
What an EU Authorized Representative does under GPSR and Regulation (EU) 2019/1020, what is at risk without one and why a passive provider is not enough.
RED cybersecurity requirements and EN 18031
RED cybersecurity requirements since August 2025: which devices are covered, when a notified body is needed despite EN 18031, and what the CRA changes.
GPSR for small businesses selling into the EU
Etsy sellers, Shopify stores and direct-to-consumer brands fall under GPSR too. What the regulation asks of small businesses and how to prepare.
Clear instructions under GPSR reduce your liability risk
GPSR makes clear instructions a legal requirement. What they must contain, why printed safety information stays mandatory and how they limit liability.
EU common charger: USB-C, labels and laptops
EU common charger rules: which devices need USB-C and USB PD, what applies to laptops from 28 April 2026, and what packaging and listings must show.
GPSR compliance: essential tips for non-EU manufacturers
Appoint a Responsible Person, digitize documentation, keep the supply chain traceable, adapt labels and follow regulatory updates: five tips on GPSR.
Market access in Europe: the role of an economic operator
Non-EU manufacturers need an economic operator in the EU. Who can take the role, what it includes and how Representa GmbH supports your market entry.
Navigating the EU single market under GPSR
Labeling differences, conflicting rules, certification delays and fragmented markets: the barriers in the EU single market and what GPSR adds to them.
Questions about your product?
The articles explain the rules. For your specific case, talk to our team.
Stefan HülsiggensenFounder and Managing Director